| Hamadryas baboon[1] | |
|---|---|
| Male, female and infant | |
| Conservation status | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Family: | Cercopithecidae |
| Genus: | Papio |
| Species: | P. hamadryas |
| Binomial name | |
| Papio hamadryas (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
| Hamadryas Baboon range | |
The Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) is a species of baboon from the Old World monkey family. It is the northernmost of all the baboons; being native to the Horn of Africa and the southwestern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. These regions provide habitats with the advantage for this species of fewer natural predators than central or southern Africa where other baboons reside. The Hamadryas baboon was a sacred animal to the ancient Egyptians and appears in various roles in ancient Egyptian religion, hence its alternative name of 'sacred baboon'.
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Apart from the striking size difference between the sexes (males are often twice as large as females) which is common to all baboons, this species also shows sexual dimorphism in coloration. The fur of males is silver-white in color and they have a pronounced cape (mane and mantle) which they develop around the age of ten, while the females are capeless and brown. Their faces range in color from red to tan to a dark brown.
Males may have a body measurement of up to 80 cm and weigh 20–30 kg; females weigh 10–15 kg and have a body length of 40–45 cm.[3] The tail adds a further 40–60 cm to the length, and ends in a small tuft. Infants are dark in coloration and lighten after about one year. Hamadryas baboons reach sexual maturity at about 51 mo. for females and between 57 and 81 mo. for males.[4]
The baboon's range extends from the Red Sea in Egypt to Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. Baboons are also native to and live in southwestern Arabia, in both Yemen and Saudi Arabia. The Hamadryas baboon lives in semi-desert areas, savannas and rocky areas, requiring cliffs for sleeping and finding water. The Hamadryas baboon is omnivorous and is adapted to its relatively dry habitat. During the wet seasons, the baboon feeds on a variety of foods including blossoms, seeds, grasses wild roots and leaves from acacia trees.[5] During the dry season, the baboons eat leaves of the Dobera glabra and sisal leaves. Hamadryas baboon also eat insects, reptiles and small mammals. One was even observed carrying a dead dik dik.[6]
The baboons’ drinking activities also depend on the season. During the wet seasons, the baboons do not have to go far to find pools of water. During the dry seasons, Hamadryas baboons frequent up to three permanent waterholes. [6] Baboons will take siestas at the waterholes during mid-afternoon. Hamadryas baboons will also dig drinking holes only a short distance from natural waterholes.[6]
The baboon has an unusual 4-level social system called a multi-level society. Most social interaction occurs within small groups called one-male units or harems containing one male and up to ten females which the males lead and guard. A harem will typically include a younger "follower" male who may be related to the leader.[7][6][8] Two or more harems unite repeatedly to form clans.[9] Within clans, the dominant males of the units are probably close relatives of one another and have an age related dominance hierarchy.[10][11] Bands are the next level. Two to four clans form bands of up to 200 individuals which usually travel and sleep as a group.[7][6][11] Both males and females rarely leave their bands. The dominant males will prevent infants and juveniles from interacting with infants and juveniles from other bands. Bands may fight with one another over food, etc. and the adult male leaders of the units are usually the combatants.[6][8] Bands also contain solitary males that are not harem leaders or followers and move freely within the band. Several bands may come together to form a troop. Several bands in a troop also often share a cliff-face which they sleep on.[7][6][11]
The Hamadryas baboon is unusual among baboon and macaque species in that its society is strictly patriarchal.[12] The males limit the movements of the females, herding them with visual threats and grabbing or biting any that wander too far away.[13] Males will sometimes raid harems for females, resulting in aggressive fights. Some males succeed in taking a female from another's harem. This is called a "takeover".[13][14][7] Visual threats are usually accompanied by these aggressive fights. This would include a quick flashing of the eyelids accompanied by a yawn to show off the teeth. As in many species, infant baboons are taken by the males as hostages during fights. However males within the same clan tend to be related and respect the social bonds of their kin.[8] In addition, females demonstrate denfitive preferences for certain male and rival males heed these preferences.[15] The less a female favors their harem males, the more likely she'll be successfully taken by a rival.[15] Young males, often "follower" males, may start their own harem by maneuvering immature females into following them.[15] The male may also abduct a young female by force.[15] Either way, the male will mate with the female when she matures. Aging males often lose their females to followers and soon lose weight and their hair color changes to brown like a female.[15] While males in most other baboon species are transferred away from their male relatives and into different troops, male Hamadryas baboon remain in their natal clans or bands and have associations with their male kin.[6][8]
Hamadryas baboons have traditionally been thought of having a female transfer society with females being moved away from their relatives of the same sex.[10] However, later studies show that female baboons retain close associations with their female kin throughout their lives.[16] Female can spend about as much social time with other females as they do with their leader males and some females will even cross harem boundaries to interact with one another.[16] In addition it is not uncommon for females of the same natal group to end up in the same harem. It is probably the behavior of males that causes the lack of more pronounced female bonding in hamadryas baboons rather ecological factors.[16] Females can still associate and help their extended families despite their interactions being controlled by the harem males.[16]
Females within a harem do not display any dominance relationships as seen in other many other baboon and macaque species. The harem males suppress aggression between the females and prevent any dominance hierarchies from arising.[6][8] Despite this, there are some social differences between the females. Some females are more socially active and have a stronger social bond with the harem male. These females are known as the "central females" and stay in closer proximity to the harem male then the other females. [8] Females that spend most their time farther from the harem male are called "peripheral females".[8]
Like other baboons, the hamadryas baboon breeds aseasonally. The dominant male of a one-male unit does most of the mating, though other males may occasionally sneak in copulations as well.[10][6][8][17] Females do most of the parenting. They nurse and groom the infant and it is not uncommon for one female in a unit to groom an infant that is not hers. Like all baboons, Hamadryas baboons are intrigued by their infants and give much attention to them. Dominant male baboons prevent other males from coming into close contact with their infants. They also protect the young from predators. The dominant male tolerates the young and will carry and play with them.[6] When a new male takes over a female, she develops sexual swellings which may be an adaptation that functions to prevent the new male from killing the offspring of the previous male.[18] When males reach puberty, they show interest in mothering young infants. [6] They will kidnap the infants by luring them away from their harems and inviting them to ride on their back. This is more often done by "follower" males. This kidnapping can lead to dehydration or starvation for the infant.[14] The harem leader would retrieve the infants from their kidnappers which is mostly an act to protect their offspring.[14]
Hamadryas baboons often appear in ancient Egyptian art, as they were considered sacred to Thoth,[19] a major and powerful deity with many roles that included being the scribe of the gods. Astennu, attendant to Thoth, is represented as a hamadryas in his roles as recorder of the result of the Weighing of the Heart and as one of the four hamadryas baboons guarding the lake of fire in Duat, the ancient Egyptian underworld. A pre-dynastic precursor to Astennu was Babi, or 'Bull of the Baboons', a bloodthirsty god said to eat the entrails of the unrighteous dead. Babi was also said to give the righteous dead continued virility, and to use his penis as the mast of a boat to convey them to the Egyptian paradise.
Sometimes Thoth himself appears in the form of a hamadryas (often shown carrying the moon on his head), as an alternative to his more common representation as an ibis-headed figure. Hapi, one of the Four Sons of Horus that guarded the organs of the deceased in ancient Egyptian religion, is also represented as hamadryas-headed: Hapi protected the lungs, hence the common sculpting of a stone or clay hamadryas head as the lid of the canopic jar that held the lungs and/or represented the protection of the lungs. Hamadryas baboons were revered because certain behaviors that they perform were seen as worshiping the sun.[19]
Transformation of field and pastureland represents the main threat to the Hamadryas baboon, their natural predators (the leopard and the lion) having been nearly exterminated in their range. The IUCN listed this species as "least concern" in 2008.[2] There are no major range-wide threats at present, although locally it may be at risk through loss of habitat due to major agricultural expansion and irrigation projects.[2] The species occurs in the proposed Yangudi Rassa National Park, the Harar Wildlife Sanctuary, and a number of Wildlife Reserves in the lower Awash valley and in northern Eritrea.[2]